Tuesday, 2 July 2024

Amia Srinivasan's right to say silly things about sex

Feminism in the 21st century is primarily sub-continental feminism (almost one in four of all women are from the sub-continent), Chinese feminism, South East Asian and African feminism much more than it is European or American feminism where, truth be told, the thing is played out. What is global feminism about? The answer has to do with raising the female participation rate in a secure, environmentally sustainable, manner. Consider Bangladesh which has raised the participation rate. It has only 1 prostitute per 10,000 head of population. India, with lower participation rate has 5. Venezuela, where the economy has collapsed, has 325. On the other hand, Latvia has 150 while Estonia has 7. Apparently, Riga is the center of a massive sex-tourism industry. I suppose a lot of the women are brought in by gangs. Estonia, it seems, is a source and transit point for such women. I hope the Baltic countries will take concerted action to stamp out this vile trade. Their economies are growing. Medical tourism will bring in much more money than sex tourism. 

 You may say that since measures to raise the participation rate benefits men as much as women, the thing isn't feminism at all. Feminism is about demanding the banning of dicks. Yet, the fact is, very few women are currently demanding any such things. So far as I can see, it's just me and the neighbor's cat who however may not be a Feminist at all. 

Fellow South Indian, Amia Srinivasan wrote a book about the Right to sex in which she completely ignored the Feminism of Indian women and African women and so forth. 

Moreover she did not understand that, since we can have sex with ourselves, this is a right whose remedy we can supply for ourselves though, no doubt, we may not be allowed to do in public places. 

Is Amia's entire book stupid? Yes. She is a cretin. Consider the following list of quotations from her book on 'Goodreads'. 

“Feminism cannot indulge the fantasy that interests always converge; that our plans will have no unexpected, undesirable consequences; that politics is a place of comfort.”

Like other 'isms', Feminism is free to indulge in any fantasy it likes. In particular, it is in its own interest to have a better fantasy about what can be achieved and how quickly and relatively costlessly this can be done. 

“Feminism is not a philosophy, or a theory,

It can be. Anything at all can be.  

or even a point of view. It is a political movement to transform the world beyond recognition.

No. There is no Feminist party anywhere in the world. However, it is true that in countries like India, rising participation rate will transform beyond all recognition the life-world of hundreds of millions of women. Demographic transition might mean that fifty years from now, countries like Bangladesh will look very different. Let us see whether Modi's granting of reservations to females in Parliament will have a positive effect. The fact that India, not Europe or America which has taken this step suggests that Feminism is only important in the Global South. 

It asks: what would it be to end the political, social, sexual, economic, psychological and physical subordination of women?

Indian laws or proposed laws enable us to answer this question. No child marriage. No ban on widow remarriage. No 'right to conjugal rights'. No dowry demands. No bar on education, employment or holding political office. The list goes on. There are clear policy objectives and clear methods of monitoring progress in achieving targets.  

It answers: we do not know; let us try and see.”

If you don't know what it is how will you know it when you see it?  I suppose what Amia really means is 'Feminism achieved its goals in the First World. Believe me, I know because I'm from a shithole. Still, if I get paid to bang on about Feminism that's what I'm going to do even if the thing is pointless. 


“Sex” in this second sense is also said to be a natural thing, a thing that exists outside politics.

Everything that isn't politics exists outside it. Politicians may seek to interfere in something outside politics iff there is a collective action problem. If there isn't, they are merely virtue signalling or talking bollocks.  

Feminism shows that this too is a fiction, and a fiction that serves certain interests.

Feminism, like UFOlogy is a fiction. It is some stupid shit, stupid shitheads pretend to teach or to study.  

Sex, which we think of as the most private of acts, is in reality a public thing.

In which case so is shitting.  

The roles we play, the emotions we feel, who gives, who takes, who demands, who serves, who wants, who is wanted, who benefits, who suffers: the rules for all this were set long before we entered the world.”

Very true. If you benefit by pissing or shitting, and if others are harmed by your farts, the rules for all this were set long before we entered the world. This shows that Shitism and Pissism are important political philosophies. We may not know what it is they want to achieve but we must continue to develop these important philosophies while waiting to see what they will lead to.  

“This is the deep contradiction at the heart of the incel phenomenon:

if they really are smart, they can get lots of money and buy as much sex as they want. Peeps too shite to get paid don't deserve to get laid. 

incels oppose themselves to a sexual market in which they see themselves as losers, while being wedded to the status hierarchy that structures that market.”

They are like Socialists or Feminists or other people who don't want to have to pay for what they want.  

“women’s autonomy, even if it spares men a good number of problems, will also deny them many conveniences;

Very true. Many women are actually washing machines. Well, they tend to sit on washing machines when they are on spin cycle. This voids the warranty. Also women leave you, if your washing machine no longer works.  

assuredly, there are certain ways of living the sexual adventure that will be lost in the world of tomorrow:

Unlikely. Ways of living the sexual adventure are likely to become more diverse- if the market can afford it.  

but this does not mean that love, happiness, poetry, and dreams will be banished from it.”

There is no necessary connection between 'sexual adventure' and any of these things.  

“It is absurd to contend that … vice, ecstasy, and passion would become impossible if man and woman were concretely peers;

No. It is possible that if both men and women had an equal chance of getting pregnant, there would be a lot less sex. At some point, we might be replaced by a more fertile species. It may be that a genetic change such that all forms of gender dimorphism disappears leads to population collapse. 

the contradictions opposing flesh to spirit, instant to time, the vertigo of immanence to the appeal of transcendence, the absolute of pleasure to the nothingness of oblivion will never disappear;”

they disappeared long ago when people realized that any shithead could gas on in that vein. Stuff stupid pedants refer to as 'contradictions' or 'aporias' or 'paradoxes' tend to be nothing of the sort. Incidentally, vertiginous immanence is Deleuzian shite. Immanence has no mise en abyme. It can feature no singularities. 

“Specifically, pornography performs the speech act of licensing the subordination of women,

No. That is why when the Taliban took over, their speech acts banning women from schools and work-places did not cause lots of peeps to jerk off and jizz profusely.  

and conferring on women an inferior civic status. Like the stampede that follows my shouting “Fire!,” porn’s effects on women are not just, anti-porn feminists think, the expected result, but moreover the whole point of pornography.”

Nonsense! People pay for porn so as to jerk off. There is plenty of gay porn. If you want to confer inferior civic status on women, pass laws to that effect and then beat or kill women who disobey. It isn't the case that the Ayatollahs make porn videos so as to get women to observe proper hijab.  

“We have been raised to fear the yes within ourselves, our deepest cravings.

Amia's parents may hoped the 'yes' within herself would have to do with studying the sort of stuff which made Vivek Ramaswamy so very rich. Sadly, her deepest craving was to recycle the warmed up sick of the early Seventies.  

But, once recognized, those which do not enhance our future lose their power and can be altered.

Sadly, it is too late for Amia to go back to college and get ahead in a STEM subject. 

The fear of our desires keeps them suspect and indiscriminately powerful, for to suppress any truth is to give it strength beyond endurance.

No it isn't. Suppress the truth about who farted and it gains no great strength or power.  You may say, it is psychically costly to suppress aspects of yourself- e.g. I'm not really a teen aged Beauty Queen from Tamil Nadu- and sooner or later the truth will out. But that has to with the weakness of the suppressing mechanism, not the strength of the 'truth' which is thereby revealed. 

The fear that we cannot grow beyond whatever distortions we may find within ourselves keeps us docile and loyal and obedient, externally defined.”

Unless we are externally defined as rambunctious and disloyal and only fearful of not finding distortions in ourselves- right? That's the problem with talk of how we've been objectified or trapped into specific roles. Why should not the exogenous power force us to something useful- like prove the Reimann hypothesis- instead of convincing us we should bathe regularly and not shove our smartphones up our arses? 

“But these feminists might counter that they are responding to another, equally real choice, which proponents of sex workers’ rights ignore: the choice between making life better for the women who sell sex now, and bringing into existence a world in which sex is no longer bought and sold.”

In other words the choice between helping some one who has fallen down to get back on their own feet and working for the repeal of the Law of Gravity.  

“Indeed, what is remarkable about the sexual revolution—

which one? There have been several.

this is why it was so formative for the politics of a generation of radical feminists

i.e. shitheads who ended up teaching shitheads 

—is how much was left unchanged. Women who say no still really mean yes, and women who say yes are still sluts. Black and brown men are still rapists, and the rape of black and brown women still doesn’t count. Girls are still asking for it. Boys still must learn to give it.”

Women are still being burnt for witchcraft. Men are still able to rape women with their eyes and get them pregnant. Did you know that 97 percent of all Female mathematical physicists still don't have a brain? Yet, female Professors are still expected to 'publish or perish'! How can you demand of a woman who has been burnt to death and who never had a brain in the first place to publish journal articles?  


“Think back, she asks straight women, to the first time you betrayed your best friend for male attention.

How can a straight woman, who generally speaking would already have been burnt at the stake and who never would have had a brain, think? The thing is impossible. Also, women can't have best friends. This is because they are kept in suitcases by men. 

Was that natural? Inevitable? Or something demanded of you by the infrastructure of male domination,

just as writing this shite was demanded of Amia by male domination. I have said it before and will say it again, Feminism is too important to be left to the women.  

which fears most of all the absence of female desire,

Fuck would men want that for? We don't ask our cars to be horny for us and which man prefers a woman to a car?  

and with it the end of men’s presumed access to women’s bodies, labor, minds, hearts?”

Domination means that you have access to bodies and labour. Fuck you care about minds or hearts- unless, in the latter case, you need a transplant. 

“Women sell sex, on the whole, because they need money; to give sex-less men money with which to pay for sex presupposes that there are women who need to sell sex to live.”

Men sell sex. If women were forced out of prostitution, trannies would take their place. To give money to a person who lacks something does not 'presuppose' there is a market for that thing. A sex-less man who is given money may refuse to use it to hire a hooker. He may use it to make a down payment on a sports car.  

“As Selma James, Mariarosa Dalla Costa, and Silvia Federici pointed out in the 1970s, and Nancy Fraser has argued since, the family as a site of feminine care serves capitalism by giving men emotional and sexual compensation for the coercion of market relations.”

But large parts of the world were Communist in the 1970s. Anyway, the family isn't a site of feminine care though Mummies may indeed look after their kids. But so might Daddies. Still it is true that Jill Biden is serving Capitalism by caring for her senile husband. Sadly, Trump would serve Capitalism better as would Stormy Daniels. Why is she not the Democratic candidate?  

“But many, perhaps most, wrongful convictions of rape result from false accusations levied against men by other men: by cops and prosecutors, overwhelmingly male, intent on pinning an actual rape on the wrong suspect.”

Very true. Also the cops are continually making up stories about me being a bad driver. They are in cahoots with the lamp posts which keep jumping out into the street to crash into my car. 

“The central insight of intersectionality is that

if you don't have a dick and are also dark skinned then you should be paid double.  

any liberation movement—feminism, anti-racism, the labor movement—that focuses only on what all members of the relevant group (women, people of color, the working class) have in common is a movement that will best serve those members of the group who are least oppressed.”

No. Such movements help those who aren't oppressed at all but who do relish the chance of oppressing the fuck out of others.  

“The question, from a feminist perspective, is why sex crimes elicit such selective skepticism.

No. The question is why all men don't chop off their own dicks. The existence of dicks is a sex crime. Why does the Law not understand this?  

And the answer that feminists should give is that the vast majority of sex crimes are perpetrated by men against women.

But the biggest serial rapists are prostitutes who cater to Middle School boys in Delhi. They could easily get through 50 little cocks over the lunch recess.  

Sometimes, the injunction to “Believe women” is simply the injunction to form our beliefs in the ordinary way: in accordance with the facts.”

Which is why nobody believes Feminists even if, like me, they have a dick.  

“But Indians are such civilized people,” he said.

He was making a joke. Indians are as poor as shit. It takes money to be civilized.  

I wanted to tell him that there is no civilization under patriarchy.”

Which is why we can be sure there was no ancient Greek or Chinese or Arab civilization.  

“When you are a woman and a philosopher,” wrote the French philosopher Michèle Le Dœuff,

You are as stupid as shit.  

“it is useful to be a feminist in order to understand what is happening to you.”

No. It is useful to pretend to be a feminist in order to teach people as stupid as yourself. To be clear, what happens to philosophers is that they end up teaching stupid or crazy people. Being a Feminist inures you to this fate. After all, men have prevented almost all women from having a brain. The rest of the sex have been burnt at the stake.  

“Once we take it as given that under current economic conditions many women will be compelled to sell sex,

to each other because men would rather save up and buy a sports-car.  

and that under current ideological conditions many men will buy it,

Did you know that men with the right ideology are given money to buy sex from ugly ho-bags?  

the most important question remaining is: what can we do to strengthen the hand of women in this bargain?”

Women with stronger hands can give more efficient hand jobs. It is nice to think of Amia and her fellow Feminist philosophers helping prostitutes reduce turn-around time by providing them with grip strengtheners.  

“Asked whether the criminalization of clients makes prostitutes more vulnerable, one of the campaigners said: “Of course it will! I am not scared to say it. But think of the abolition of slavery, it also made life bad for some former slaves. We need to think about the future!”

Criminalizing an activity means only criminals will go in for it. This should improve the safety of prostitutes- right?  


“After all, in countries where prostitution has been decriminalized, the size of the sex work industry has not substantially decreased,”

Decriminalization means the thing can be taxed. Also there are economies of scope and scale in brothel management. 

“As anti-prostitution feminists might see it, though, decriminalization is at best a reformist measure, which marginally improves the lives of sex workers while shoring up both patriarchy and the neoliberal commodification of sex.”

Not to mention its shoring up Feminist ranting. Still, it is true that under patriarchy there would be less prostitution because girls won't put out if they know their Daddy will get all the money. Pimps are a different matter.  

“A vexed question: when is being sexually or romantically marginalized a facet of oppression, and when is it just a matter of bad luck, one of life’s small tragedies? (When I was a first-year undergraduate I had a professor who said, to our grave disappointment, that there would be heartbreak even in the post-capitalist utopia.)”

First year undergraduates become very disappointed when they find out that Death won't be abolished any time soon.  

“As Rebecca Solnit put it: “Sex is a commodity,

No. That's why I won't be able to fund my old age by becoming a gigolo. The plain fact is there is no effective demand for sex with people who look like me.  

accumulation of this commodity enhances a man’s status,

No. We are very polite and sweet to those with money or power. We don't give a shit about rent-boys who have take a dozen dicks up their arse in order to buy themselves a Happy Meal.  

and every man has a right to accumulation,

Also men have a right to have a brain. Women have been cruelly denied any such thing.  

but women are in some mysterious way obstacles to this, and they are therefore the enemy as well as the commodity.”

They are not just the enemy, they are also urinals. Moreover, if you carefully tear the head of a woman, you can shit down her neck. Females are inured to such treatment. Indeed, they might look askance at you if you fail to regularly use them as a receptacle for your turds.  

Incels, Solnit says, “are furious at their own low status,

i.e. they are almost as abject as women 

but don’t question the system that allocates status and commodifies us all”

otherwise they would become Feminist philosophers and thus Amia would be out of a job.  

“Judges routinely decided that workplace sexual harassment was a “personal” matter, or that it was discrimination not “on the basis of sex” but on the basis of something else, like being the sort of woman who didn’t want to have sex with her boss—a characteristic which, unlike sex, was not protected by anti-discrimination legislation.”

Judges routinely tear off the heads of women who report sexual harassment and shit down their necks. Why are there no laws prohibiting this insanitary practice?  

“Feminists of this era fought to make the courts see what is to many of us now obvious: that far from being a merely personal matter, or a matter orthogonal to gender, sexual harassment expresses and reinforces women’s political subordination.”

As does the routine tearing off of the heads and the shitting down the necks of women by judges, G.Ps, postal carriers, Presbyterian Ministers, and all Costco members. Look at what happened to Theresa May and Liz Truss!

“A famous philosopher once said to me that he objected to feminist critiques of sex because it was only during sex that he felt truly outside politics, that he felt truly free. I asked him what his wife would say to that.”

Assuming he was actually doing her, she would have objected to his feeling outside politics when he was in her vagina. This is because she was renting out that space to the Democrats for their Campaign Headquarters. Still, it is true that men ought to be thinking of Donald Trump when they penetrate any orifice.  

“Feminists have long dreamed of sexual freedom.

Men have long dreamed of proving the Reimann hypothesis.  

What they refuse to accept is its simulacrum: sex that is said to be free, not because it is equal, but because it is ubiquitous.”

If a dude sticks his dick into a chick's twat, why is she not allowed to shove her fist up his bum? A thing which is not scarce is free. The supply is too great for it to be rationed by the price mechanism. But the fact that something is free does not mean everybody can benefit from it equally. Thus if there is no shortage of cock to suck, those who don't like sucking cock gain nothing.  

“on the contrary, it is when the slavery of half of humanity is abolished

which would end the ubiquitous practice of tearing off the heads of females so as to shit down their necks 

and with it the whole hypocritical system it implies that the … human couple will discover its true form.”

as some boring shite.  

“And yet, if the aim is not merely to punish male sexual domination but to end it, feminism must

ban dicks. Nothing less will do.  

address questions that many feminists would rather avoid: whether a carceral approach that systemically harms poor people and people of color can serve sexual justice;

Yes. Poor women of color benefit if their rapists are incarcerated. The same is true of their would be murderers.  

whether the notion of due process—and perhaps too the presumption of innocence—should apply to social media and public accusations;

No. However, there may be legal penalties for libel or slander or the fabrication of evidence or the pressing of false charges.  

whether punishment produces social change.

Yes, especially Capital punishment. Large classes of offense can disappear overnight if entire criminal populations are exterminated. The Bolsheviks showed that if it is a crime to own land or to employ labor, those guilty of such crimes could disappear entirely from the social scene. 

What does it really take to alter the mind of patriarchy?”

Money. If women can earn a good wage, Patriarchy suddenly thinks that women should go out to work. Otherwise, it tears off the heads of women and shits down their necks because, face it, that's what Neo-Liberalism wants us to do.  

Monday, 1 July 2024

Jason Stanley's Civic Sadism

Jason Stanley writes in the New Republic of 

 The End of Civic Compassion

This would be signaled by declining State support for Health Care, Housing, etc.  Civic Compassion is 'first order'. It does good directly. Teaching 'Civic Compassion' may be a 'second order' good if it leads to people doing more 'first order' good. But such is not the case. The thing is a waste of time. So is continually calling anybody you don't like a Nazi or a Fascist or a member of the Spanish Inquisition. 

On education in a fascist America

America never faced a serious enough communist threat to become Fascist. Horthy's Hungary did.  

Under its autocratic Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, Hungary introduced in early 2020 a new National Core Curriculum.

In Britain, the Labor party pared down the 'Core' requirements so that schools in poorer areas could focus more on basic literacy and numeracy. How very fascist of them! 

The curriculum presents Hungarian literature as the literature of ethnic Hungarian populations,

who speak and write in Magyar 

even those living outside of the borders of the state of Hungary after the Treaty of Trianon created present-day Hungary in 1920,

Hungary was on the losing side in both World Wars. It lost a lot of territory.  

sowing national resentment similar to that in post–World War I Germany after the Treaty of Versailles led to the loss of German land and colonies.

The French were miffed that they lost Alsace and Lorraine after the war of 1870. This proves they were Fascist.  

The course includes thematic studies of topics like the Treaty of Trianon in Hungarian literature.

American kids study the Revolutionary Wars. Why are they not being taught Benedict Arnold's version of those events? 

Besides evoking nostalgia and resentful longing for a “Greater Hungary,” it pointedly excludes the work of Imre Kertész,

whom the Germans had taken up and to whom the Soros prize was awarded. But he thought things improved under Orban. Still, in Hungary, he is considered to have shown contempt for his native land.  

Hungary’s only Nobel Prize winner for literature, surrendering a national point of pride in order to erase the contributions of a Jewish survivor of the Holocaust.

They haven't been erased. They just aren't being celebrated.  

And it adds to the core curriculum Ferenc Herczeg,

who was nominated three times for the Nobel. Some of his novels were turned into successful films. 

a minor right-wing nationalist playwright who was celebrated and praised by Miklós Horthy, the World War II Hungarian leader who brought about an alliance between Hungary and Nazi Germany.

Horthy wasn't an enemy of the Jews. He tried to stop the deportations. That's why some wealthy Hungarian Jews helped fund his exile in Portugal. 

Previous revisions of the core curriculum in prior Orbán administrations had already elevated similar minor writers into the pantheon on an obvious political basis, such as József Nyírő,

who wrote about a Hungarian population in what is now Romania 

a member of Parliament for the fascist Hungarian Arrow Cross Party, who harbored a passionate hatred of Jews.

The Romanians hated them more.  

The new curriculum presents far-right Hungarian nationalist leaders of the past as heroes.

Whereas they had been erased from the historical record by the Communists. So what?  The plain fact is that when it comes to 'cancel culture', two can play at that game. Don't do it if you don't want it done to you. 

The revamping doesn’t end there.

Orban has repeatedly refused to undergo gender re-assignment surgery or even to take it up the ass now and then. Like Biden, he is totes Fascist.  

In May 2022, Orbán reorganized his administration to place education under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Interior, which is responsible for maintaining order through law enforcement.

There has been no Education Minister since 2010. It seems the status of teachers is being severely downgraded. Hungarians are bright- no question- but to keep their lead they will have to pay teachers more and give them more autonomy.  

A few months later—shortly after declaring that Hungary would not become a “mixed-race” country

Whereas Rishi Sunak promised to personally inseminate every non Punjabi woman in the UK.  This shows he is sexist. Men too deserve his attentions. 

—Orbán was featured as a main speaker at the Conservative Political Action Conference, or CPAC, in Dallas, where he was greeted by American conservatives with a standing ovation.

Did you know that many American conservatives have dicks? This proves they are totes Fascist.  

In March 2024, Orbán visited the Heritage Foundation for a private event. The next day, he was fêted by Donald Trump at Mar-a-Lago.

Donald Trump has a dick. It isn't very big but a dick is a dick. Why is this man not in jail? It should be illegal to have a dick.  

Viktor Orbán is a darling of today’s GOP. But Americans do not need to look abroad to find their own versions of educational authoritarianism.

Some teachers have dicks. That is totes Fascist.  

Toni Morrison, like Imre Kertész,

unlike him, she wasn't a great fan of the Jews 

is a Nobel Prize winner in literature.

Knut Hamsun got a Nobel. So what?  

Beloved, Morrison’s most famous novel, concerns the horrors of slavery.

which arose because Africans sold other Africans so as to buy cool, shiny, things.  

It became the subject of controversy in Virginia, an infamous slave state

a proud slave state which fought hard to stay that way 

from its Colonial days until the Civil War; parents targeted the book as obscene. In 2016, the Virginia state legislature passed what colloquially came to be called the “Beloved bill.” It would have allowed parents to request that any material they deemed to have sexually explicit content be replaced by other material.

Which is why Black Muslims supported it.  

As in Hungary, the bill would have effectively removed the book from any required curriculum in Virginia.

The book wasn't on any curriculum when it became a best seller.  

Virginia’s governor at the time, Democrat Terry McAuliffe, vetoed the bill. But in Virginia’s gubernatorial election of 2021, McAuliffe went down to defeat by Republican Glenn Youngkin, who ran on a platform of “parents’ rights,” such as the right to have their children not be exposed to books that might make them uncomfortable.

Why did he do so? His opponent had been foolish enough to say 'I don't think parents should be telling schools what they should teach.' He forgot that parents have votes and do want to tell schools not to teach mischievous shite. 

Like Kertész in Hungary, Morrison in the United States is a member of a national minority whose work reminds others of that group’s painful journey through the nation’s history.

Morrison was sent to a concentration camp under FDR. Thankfully, Comrade Stalin liberated her and forced LBJ to end Jim Crow.  

This kind of work is uncomfortable for many readers.

more especially if they insert the book into their rectum.  

Those who seek to view the nation’s past through rose-colored glasses,

are welcome to do so.  

diminishing or erasing its national sins, whether for the sake of self-aggrandizement or something else, will have strong negative reactions.

especially to big fat books shoved up their rectums.  

Today’s GOP is laser-focused on education, trying to frighten parents about supposed “Marxist indoctrination” in schools and universities (a common tactic in today’s fascist international; see Brazil under Jair Bolsonaro).

or Britain under Rishi Sunak- a White Supremacist if I ever saw one.  

As a sign of the topic’s importance, the GOP campaign against schools and universities was central in Trump’s 2020 election bid.

No. What was central was his contention that Sleepy Joe would make a shit President. Sadly, he was right.  

In a speech at an event called the White House Conference on American History, Trump declared: 'Students in our universities are inundated with critical race theory. This is a Marxist doctrine holding that America is a wicked and racist nation, that even young children are complicit in oppression, and that our entire society must be radically transformed. Critical race theory is being forced into our children’s schools, it’s being imposed into workplace trainings, and it’s being deployed to rip apart friends, neighbors, and families.'

What's wrong with that? The thing is obviously mischievous. Obama understood it was garnering votes for the Republicans. He mentioned the matter so as to send a signal that 'wokeness' costs votes- including African American votes.  

The tactic of painting all of one’s political opponents as Marxists and communists,

rather than Fascists, as Stanley does 

and claiming that they dominate the institutions, is a hallmark of the classic European fascist regimes of the mid–twentieth century.

It was the hallmark of democratic America. Countries which are strong enough to kill Commies don't need nutters who march around in Black Shirts or Brown Shirts or whatever.  

Today, it is employed as a justification to fire teachers and professors and replace them with loyalists and ultranationalists.

Because teachers and professors who gas on about Fascism are as stupid as shit. Don't fire them if they teach at Yale or other such elite institutions. Why should only the poor and the stupid have to suffer under the instruction of ignorant pedants? 

Even a democratic nation’s greatest universities are not immune from being destroyed by this strategy, as one can see in India today.

No one can't. India's universities were ruined long ago by the Left's 'long march through the institutions'. It was the Left front, in Bengal, which did the most damage to the one or two good Colleges they had there.  

Now and in the past, schools and universities are and have been central targets of fascism.

Fascists use schools and universities for their own purposes. But they also use Trade Unions and Professional Associations and Local Government to those same ends. It was Mao, not Franco, who sent in the factory workers to beat the University students and chase them into the villages. Previously, he had said Exams were totes bougie, to get the students to beat his enemies. Once they were cowed, he had no further use for the Universities.  

Attacks on education, including political works deemed obscene, are, to use a cliché, canaries in the fascist coal mine.

Canaries in coal mines die when the air becomes poisonous. Stanley is saying attacks on education stop when Fascism is achieved. This means we can be sure America hasn't become Fascist (which it has because Biden has refused to have gender reassignment surgery) or that Hungary hasn't become Fascist, because Education is still being attacked. 

Education in a liberal democracy introduces students to the diverse perspectives through a nation’s history, in order for people to foster a kind of empathy and understanding for one another;

No. Education is about acquiring knowledge and skills you would not otherwise come by. It looks pretty much the same wherever you go.  

what my father in his work called civic compassion.

Which exists amongst wholly uneducated people.  

Democracy is a system where we let ourselves be affected by our fellow citizens’ perspectives.

Because we talk to them not because some stupid Professor tells us this should happen.  

Cutting students off from exposure to the perspectives of their neighbors

by cutting off their heads and shoving them up their arses 

therefore preempts democracy.

No. Democracy still works even if nobody has any exposure to the perspectives or pudenda of their neighbors. It's bad enough I have to look at my own dick. I don't want to see that of anybody else. 

Such erasures are more conducive to an education for authoritarianism,

Nobody needs an 'education for authoritarianism'. Once you understand that you will get shot if you don't obey, every thing else follows quite naturally. It is a different matter that educational standards in STEM subjects may be higher in an authoritarian country like Singapore.  

where an autocratic leader can more easily set groups against one another, relying on mutual estrangement and mutual misunderstanding.

Fuck would he bother doing any such thing for? It is enough that everybody is afraid of the Secret Police.  It is in a Democracy that leaders seek out 'wedge issues'- e.g. Roe v Wade- so as to break up existing coalitions. 

“Parents’ rights” is an expression used to cover for an illiberal public culture.

Whereas 'Pedophile rights' is very liberal indeed.  

Using the language of rights and freedoms to erase oppressed groups’ perspectives is a familiar vocabulary trick from America’s past (“states’ rights”).

America still has dual Sovereignty. States do indeed have rights. This isn't a 'vocabulary trick'. It is a fundamental doctrine of American jurisprudence.  

Florida Governor Ron DeSantis, a graduate of Yale and Harvard universities, has specifically targeted schools and colleges, denouncing the supposed “indoctrination” of Florida’s students.

Florida's tax-payers don't want to fund stupid shite.  

The state legislature and Department of Education have brought in Hillsdale College

which gets no Government money at all 

, an institution in Michigan, to advise on Florida’s K-12 curriculum.

How bizarre! Why ask a College to advise on educational matters? Would it not be more liberal to canvass the views of known serial killers?  

Hillsdale advertises itself as providing a “classical education” and a nonideological counterpart to current educational practices. In assessing this claim, it is instructive to turn to Hillsdale College’s website, which lists the online courses offered by the institution. Alongside offerings like Introduction to Aristotle’s Ethics: How to Lead a Good Life, The History of Classical Music: Pythagoras Through Beethoven, and Introduction to Western Philosophy, Hillsdale offers courses with titles like The American Left: From Liberalism to Despotism and American Citizenship and Its Decline, whose message is that “wokeness” is an existential threat to the United States.

If China overtakes the US in various high tech fields, America may be at the receiving end of sanctions of various sorts. It may have to give up some of its cherished values.  

The message of these course offerings is clear: From the perspective of the classical tradition, progressivism is tyranny.

It is stupid shit. A guy who tries to force stupid shit down your throat is a fucking tyrant. Use every legal means to get him to fuck the fuck off.  

One wonders if Hillsdale’s Introduction to Western Philosophy mentions that it was Plato who recommended, well before Marx, that children be removed from their families to be raised by the state (and that homosexual relationships between teachers and their students were regarded as quite normal in the era the curriculum regards as “classical”).

The answer is 'no. Don't be silly.' Also, Marx never said kids should be taken away from their families. He said that industrial capitalism (child labor in particular) was already destroying the family. True, the hypocritical bourgeoisie made great play of keeping up 'family values'. But they also pretended God exists! Neither the Holy Family nor the Bourgeois Family would survive. Capitalism would cause babies to abandon their Mummies so as to get jobs in coal mines. Husbands and wives would never see each other because Capitalism would force them to work different 12 hour shifts.  At a later point Marx and more especially Engels embraced L.H Morgan's view that primitive Humanity displayed promiscuity rather than family life.

In 2023, Florida, Oklahoma, and Montana approved the use of videos from the conservative media group PragerU as educational material for their schools. In its video A Short History of Slavery, far-right commentator Candace Owens declares, “White people were the first to formally put an end to slavery,” adding that “white men led the world in putting an end to the abhorrent practice [of slavery].”

Interestingly, the last White English slaves were only manumitted in the 1870s though, no doubt, this was not pure chattel slavery but something more like hereditary bonded labor achieved through the operation of a cartel. 

Owens’s remarks entirely erase the history of Haiti, whose slave revolution resulted in its leader, Toussaint Louverture, ending slavery decades before Britain did, let alone the United States.

Revolutionary France abolished it and then brought it back. Haiti's new leaders continued to use forced labor though there was much resistance to this. / 

Owens also returns the teaching of the Civil War to a period before W.E.B. Du Bois’s magisterial 1935 work, Black Reconstruction. In that era, the major contributions of Black people to the Union’s victory in the Civil War (both as soldiers and as rebellious enslaved people behind enemy lines) were entirely erased, and Black Americans were represented as passive recipients of the gift of freedom.

This is because most Southern Blacks were not able to retain the rights and entitlements with the Yanks had bestowed on them.  I think what depressed Du Bois was that his projected book on the African American contribution in the Great War couldn't really come together because that contribution really wasn't very much to write home about and lots of people younger than Du Bois knew the facts of the case. It was safer to talk about a War which ended before he himself was born.  

Looking at these course offerings, one might reasonably object to the claim that Hillsdale College and PragerU are freeing schools from indoctrination.

African Americans, sadly, couldn't do very much to affect the course, conduct or outcome of the Civil War. I suppose you can say, Black labor was vital to the Confederate War effort but steam power had already overtaken muscle power. Technology matters. Babbling about Fascism is a waste of time. 

The American Association of University Professors’ report on “Political Interference and Academic Freedom in Florida’s Public Higher Education System,” published in December 2023, describes the effects of DeSantis’s targeting of universities, including the state takeover of an outstanding public liberal arts school, the New College of Florida.

University Professors don't want those who pay their salaries to have any say over what they do.  On the other hand, are Florida's tax payers really delighted at the prospect of spending half a billion on turning New College into a replica of Hillside. The point about Hillside is that it is self-financing. The Left may have started the game of becoming cuckoos in the nest of campuses funded by industry, but any bunch of nutters can adopt the same tactics. 

It begins with a quote from ­LeRoy Pernell, a law professor at Florida A&M, which reflects the general tenor of the extensive report and, more generally, the sense of despair under a regime of educational authoritarianism:

They don't like the current administration. Boo hoo!

What we are witnessing in Florida is an intellectual reign of terror.

NO! What we are witnessing is the systematic rape, sodomization, decapitation and body shaming of every-fucking-body.  

There is a tremendous sense of dread right now, not just among faculty; it’s tangible among students and staff as well.

Even the local cat population is saying 'Miaow, miaow! We are being raped, sodomized, decapitated and subjected to body shaming by Fascists! Miaow, miaow! 

People are intellectually and physically scared.

They are shitting themselves incessantly and wailing very loudly.  

We are being named an enemy of the State.

Worse yet, we are being named obese enemies of the State! That's body shaming!  

The events at Jacksonville too, feel real, and people feel it could happen to them.

So do cats. As for the alligators, don't get me started.  

The raft of laws restricting teaching, entailing everything from disciplinary sanctions to threats of job loss, has also hit K-12 teachers incredibly hard.

One imaginary teacher was fired just for trying to teach little boys how to perform fellatio.  If that can happen to an imaginary person, just imagine what those Fascists could do to real people. 

The laws have created significant fear around teaching topics in U.S. history, especially Black history.

You aren't even allowed to tell people that the Slave Trade was conducted wholly by Cantors and Mohels.  

In general, the laws have created a climate of fear and intimidation surrounding discussion of problems with the old hegemonies of race, class, and gender.

Laws are supposed to create a fear of breaking them.  

 educators under gradually more intrusive laws restricting their freedom creates a climate of fear and intimidation. When such laws target anyone who challenges the greatness of a nation, or its heroes, it’s not a positive sign for democracy.

In State funded schools, it is a positive sign of democracy if voters decide what is taught. 

Bringing educators

paid by the tax payer 

under gradually more and more intrusive laws restricting their freedom creates a general climate of fear and intimidation.

Also the police should be allowed to shoot whom they like and still get paid.  

Trump has made it abundantly clear that a far-right attack on education will be central to his new administration from its beginning, promising to “sign a new executive order to cut federal funding for any school pushing critical race theory, transgender insanity, and other inappropriate racial, sexual, or political content on our children” on day one of his administration.

In other words, the woke 'cuckoo in the nest' may get chucked out. Education will go back to what it used to be when Trump and Biden were at school. This raises the question, how fucking useless did our Schools and Colleges become in the Seventies and Eighties that now two very old dudes are duking it out for the Presidency.  

Eliminating the Department of Education is a goal of Project 2025, along with many other changes that would dramatically reduce the federal government’s ability to intervene on potential civil rights violations.

Because what used to keep Trump up nights when he was in the White House was Civil Rights violations.  

The honest teaching of Black history and protections for LGBTQ youth will be illegal in K-12 education.

Like it was when Biden and Trump were young before America became Fascist- right?  

The American university system is the crown jewel of the world’s higher education system.

Very true. That's what people used to say about Trump University 

As far as it is possible, a Trump-led federal government will seek to transform it radically at all levels, with Hillsdale College as its model.

Cool! Tax payers won't have to pay for useless 'liberal arts' colleges.  

The intent is the burying of any civic compassion in the educational system.

No. The intent is to stop tax-payers having to support a woke cuckoo in the campus nest. If a conservative college can do without  

Sen's Paretian Liberal is nonsense

 

In 'On Liberty' JS Mill argued that 

“....the only part of the conduct of any one, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others.

In which case no part of the conduct of anyone can be known a priori to be not 'amenable' to society.  

In the part which concerns himself, his independence (of choice) is, of right, absolute

Rights are meaningless save in relation to remedies including those a person is permitted to apply in her own defense- e.g. the right to kill someone who is trying to kill her. But, even here, the right isn't absolute at all. She may prefer to be killed because she knows killing the assailant will cause his clan to wipe out her family.  

......I forgo any advantage which could be derived to my argument from the idea of abstract right, as a thing independent of utility.

In which case, you wasted your own and the reader's time. An abstract right may be something willed by God. Violating it may cause you to burn in Hell for all eternity. Equally, it may be founded on some higher type of intellectual development which future generations are bound to have. In this case, violating such abstract rights would cause you eternal infamy. Your name would become a byword for evil conduct.  

I regard utility as the ultimate appeal on all ethical questions; but it must utility in the largest sense, grounded on the interests of man as a progressive being...”

in which case it is is unknowable.  

Consider the following, not untypical, way of representing Sen's Paretian Liberal paradox. 

Suppose there is a society N consisting of two or more individuals and a set X of two or more social outcomes. 

If individuals have preferences over outcomes, they can also have preferences over preferences and preferences over preferences etc. In other words, even if there is only one outcome one either likes or dislikes, then there are also an infinite number of outcomes based on your liking the liking of liking etc.  

Moreover, if people can have multiple identities, as Sen would later argue, then there are always an infinite number of individuals even if there is only one. This is also the problem with a 'multiple utilities' framework. 

Suppose each individual in the society has a total and transitive preference relation on the set of social outcomes X.

We have seen that X is infinite. If we assume there is a total and transitive preference relation then we are assuming that X is well ordered. The problem is that X may have no least preferred option- i.e. which ever element looks most horrible could, with a little thought, be shown to be less horrible than what it might be. In this case, X is not isomorphic to the natural numbers. This means you have to use the axiom of choice to get a well-ordered X. But, in that case, you get Banach Tarski weirdness (e.g. infinite multiple identities) and then, sooner or later, run into the problem of ordinals with higher cardinality than the continuum. Basically, this means whatever you are proving only has to do with some bizarro mathematical universe. It can have nothing to do with Economics or Jurisprudence where everybody has only one identity which is tied to a particular body.  

For notation, the preference relation of an individual i∊N is denoted by ≼i. Each preference relation belongs to the set Rel(X) of all total and transitive relations on X.

However, since preferences are impredicative or epistemic and often depend on what smarter people are choosing or else on strategic considerations, the 'intensional fallacy' arises. The extension of the 'intension' 'preference' is not well defined. It does not obey Leibniz's law of identity. Indeed, it may be wholly unknowable. Consider my preference for chocolate ice-cream over vanilla ice-cream which is conditional upon there being a proof that P is less than NP. That is an open problem. Once it is solved, we can say my preference is for chocolate ice-cream. But will the question ever be solved? We don't know.  

A social choice function is a map which can take any configuration of preference relations of N

which are unknown. If the domain is unknown, there is no fucking mathematical function 

as input and produce a subset of ("chosen") social outcomes as output.

Again 'social outcomes' are unknown because anybody can prefer to prefer, because they enjoy preferring stuff, whatever they had previously preferred.  There is no mathematical function here. 

Utilitarianism seemed 'sciencey', back when it was thought that the thing was objective and could be measured in the same way we measure height and weight. But it can't. Pretending otherwise may let you do mathsy stuff but Mathematics itself says 'stop being so silly. There is no Set here- the thing is not well enough defined- and there are no functions here and there is no fucking topology for fixed point theorems to sink their teeth into. What you are doing isn't math. It is masturbation.'

Economics has been defined as the science of choice under scarcity. The problem is that feelings of regret or anticipated regret aren't 'scarce' at all. The more you think about a choice the more fucking agonizing it becomes. Suppose an angel from Heaven appeared any time Society made a choice and confirmed that it was the best possible choice and the one God was hoping we would make. We would experience great satisfaction. Similarly, political philosophy tries to give us this reassurance that the way decisions are made in our polity really is the best possible. But political philosophy is a sort of secular theology or theodicy. It has no mathematical representation. True, it may invoke mathematical ideas, but then it may also invoke Lesbian Walruses. 

 (Intuitively, the social choice function represents a societal principle for choosing one or more social outcomes based on individuals' preferences. By representing the social choice process as a function on Rel(X)N, we are tacitly assuming that the social choice function is defined for any possible configuration of preference relations; this is sometimes called the Universal Domain assumption.)

It is stupid. What could work is an arbitrary, but sensible, stipulation that 'on average, an adult male needs x number of calories, while a baby needs x amount of milk' and then the implementation of an economic plan to make sure, on average, people get enough nourishment while some great existential threat- e.g. a total war or natural disaster- is being dealt with. Here the only way you can get anywhere is by arbitrarily restricting the domain in a drastic manner. But this is also how contracts of adhesion work. I buy an ice-cream and eat it. I want my money back because I now prefer to have preferred not to eat it. Also, I now identify as a Lesbian walrus and such creatures don't eat ice-cream. Will a court of law award me my money back? No. They will tell me to fuck the fuck off.  


The liberal paradox states that every social choice function satisfies at most one of the following properties, never both:

No social choice functions exist. They can't satisfy shit.  

Pareto optimality (collective efficiency): whenever all individuals of a society strictly prefer an outcome x over an outcome y, the choice function doesn't pick y.

We don't know if everybody would prefer an outcome where everybody would prefer to prefer that outcome. Thus any y picked by a choice function may be inferior to everybody preferring to prefer y a bit more even if that y was obtained by preferring to prefer its predecessor.  Equally one may prefer to prefer to not prefer the thing you end up preferring anyway. 

Obviously, we could also prefer that x preferred he didn't prefer to prefer whatever it is that we all prefer. 

Formally, a social choice function F is Pareto optimal if whenever p∊Rel(X)N is a configuration of preference relations and there are two outcomes x and y such that x⪲iy for every individual i∊N, then y∉ F(p).

Under unrestricted domain, which permits there to be preferences over preferences, there can be no social choice function. True we may arbitrarily call an arbitrary procedure a mathematical function but then we could also call it a lesbian walrus. 


Intuitively, Pareto optimality captures an aspect of collective efficiency: the social choice is made so that everyone is collectively as well off as possible, to the extent that every available tradeoff would make someone worse off.

In other words, if you don't feel like finishing your glass of milk but think you might like a biscuit, you could do a trade with a guy on the opposite side of the world who is in the reverse position. Moreover, this would be a world without Knightian uncertainty- in other words, all future states of the world will be known at least probabilistically. However, it is easy to show, in such a world there would be no language or education or scientific research or necessity for paper money or Banks or other financial or legal institutions.  


Minimal liberalism (individual freedom): More than one individual in the society is decisive on a pair of social outcomes.

How do we know who is decisive or not? Some other guy may have decided to let this bloke be decisive for some reason of his own. Minimal liberalism is achieved if an absolute ruler lets his court jester decide to wear his underpants on his head.  The jester himself may say 'it wasn't my decision to wear my underpants on my head. Indeed, it was the last thing I wanted to do. That's why I did it. I just didn't fancy being killed today.' 

Intuitively, minimal liberalism captures an aspect of individual freedom: for some issues, if you prefer x over y (or vice versa), then society respects your preference for x over y even if everyone else is against you.

In my society I am permitted to publish this blog. Nobody respects this preference of mine. They merely think the thing is too minor a nuisance to be worth curbing by the strong arm of the law. 

Sen's example is your personal preference for sleeping on your back or your side: on at least one innocuous personal area like this, a liberal society ought to prioritize your individual preference even if everyone else in society would prefer you to sleep another way.

An illiberal society too shouldn't give two farts about this. Sen's example is foolish.  

The formal requirement is that at least two people are decisive in this way, to rule out the possibility of a single person who dictates society's preferences.

This formal requirement is useless. A tyrant can exhibit his jester and thus show 'minimal liberalism' obtains. A territory with no organized government may not be able to show anything at all because Society has no recognized representative. The crazy guy who says he is controlling everybody with his thoughts and the philosopher who says everybody is doing pretty much what they want are on an equal footing.  

In other words, the liberal paradox states that for every social choice function F,

it can be easily shown that it isn't a mathematical function at all 

there is a configuration of preference relations p∊Rel(X)N

which too can't exist in any mathematical shape or form 

for which F violates either Pareto optimality or Minimal liberalism (or both).

but only because it is already violating a Lesbian Walrus. That's what we should be focusing on. Neoliberalism is sodomizing marine animals. Why is Greta Thurnberg not speaking out on this issue? Is it because she is actually a platypus?  

In the examples of Sen and Gibbard noted above, the social choice function satisfies minimal liberalism at the expense of Pareto optimality.

No! It doesn't satisfy shit. Otherwise Lesbian Walruses would be minimally Neo-Liberal, but they aren't. They demand the immediate collectivization of the Solar System so as to increase the supply of nice fish to eat. But no ice-cream. Ice-cream is totes Fascist.  

 

The sakina of a kikayon's shade


Which McMansion can match the sakina of the family of the cloak?
The answer is- every home you've made till you go fucking broke
& your house is repossessed and your wife & kids leave you
 Bereft of even a kikayon's shade- should Nineveh believe you.




Frank Gerits's ignorant Pan-Africanism

European empires disappeared because they could not pay for themselves. Some successor states couldn't either and were absorbed by more viable entities or were abandoned as a sort of terra nullis.

The Cold War did mean some money was available for a regime to pretend to be in one camp or another. Also, Cold War leaders were sometimes willing to pour certain quantities of blood and treasure into shithole countries before giving up and going home. 

Writing for Aeon, Frank Gerits takes a more foolish view. Apparently, various shitty African or Asian leaders created some new type of consciousness or political identity or whatever. I'm not saying something of the sort may not have happened. There must have been some reason why so many of us ran the fuck away from such leaders or ideologies.

The plain fact is, the leader of a newly formed state will have to fabricate a new 'national' identity to replace tribal or other sub-national identities. Provided this new identity is associated with rising up through thrift, enterprise and sound business or professional ethics, the thing can take off provided preference and endowment diversity isn't too great. That is an ideographic, not a nomothetic or ideological, matter.  To pretend otherwise, because we are speaking of black, not white, people is Racism pure and simple. 

Postcolonial leaders did not simply undergo moves made by two players on a chessboard who provided development aid to pull them into a capitalist or a communist sphere of influence. Rather,

they proactively fucked up their countries by doing stupid shit- unless they didn't bother because they were too lazy or stupid and their countries either prospered or didn't on the basis of purely economic considerations.  

politicians in Africa and Asia were engaged in a struggle with much higher stakes.

How to bankrupt their country more quickly. 

They wanted to correct European modernity

which only existed in the modern bits of Europe 

by destroying the civilising mission,

there was a mission to make a little money out of administering a particular territory. Nobody was trying to get darkies to try to be a little less dark.  

the colonial idea that nonwhites were incapable of self-government,

like Hitler's idea that Germany's neighbor's were incapable of defeating his army 

and by embracing precolonial tradition.

Of selling slaves to Europeans and Arabs?  

One such leader, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana,

whose own people got rid of him after he tanked the economy 

spread pan-African modernity,

Nkrumah spread two ideas

1) create a one-party state

2) don't go abroad unless sadistic butchers from your own clan can kill any fucking possible backers of a coup d'etat.  

Actually, even if you did both (1) and (2) what really mattered was salting away millions in Swiss bank accounts. 

propagating an ‘African personality’

preferably one with lots of money in Swiss bank accounts 

while seeking to unite the continent.

by robbing it blind.  

This African personality was coined by the Americo-Liberian educator Edward Wilmot Blyden in 1893

The Americo-Liberians didn't allow African Liberians to vote or hold office.  It seems Black American colonizers of African territory were as bad as Europeans. In 1927, the League of Nations investigated reports of slavery in Liberia involving the Firestone Corp. 

and promoted to make the case that African precolonial traditions were not inferior but had provided the basis for the modern world.

Also, ancient Africans had gone to the moon.  

Propaganda highlighted how Africans had engaged in science and technological innovations before the arrival of Europeans. Even the Gold Coast’s name, Ghana, derived from the Ghana Empire, which had been an economic powerhouse from the 6th to the 13th century.

Funny how every shithole country was supposed to have once been an 'economic powerhouse'.

Unlike communist, capitalist and imperial modernisation strategies, anticolonial modernity prioritised psychological liberation,

from customary morality-i.e. stealing everything in sight- and economic sanity- i.e. borrowing money and pissing it against the wall on white elephant projects

responding to a pervasive sense that underdevelopment and imperialism were deeply psychological and cultural challenges.

Because previous types of psychology and culture condemned stealing or pissing money against a wall.  

As anticolonial intellectuals like the psychiatrist Frantz Fanon,

whose country, Martinique, had the sense to forego independence. His wife, who was white, remained in Algeria after he died. She killed herself by jumping out of a window.  

a key theorist of the Algerian War, argued in 1961: the ‘white man’ had robbed nonwhites

most Algerians are white enough.  

of their self-worth and instilled psychological disease.

France had been occupied by the Nazis. The Americans liberated them. Whites can colonize Whites and make them feel shitty about themselves.  

Therefore, genuine progress required the restoration of self-confidence, the creation of a ‘new man’.

Who could steal everything in sight or borrow money and piss it away on white elephant projects.  

Nkrumah also called upon freedom-fighters not to ignore the ‘spiritual side of the human personality’, because Africans’ ‘material needs’ made them vulnerable to subjugation.

Also, the 'material needs' of Africans made them unhappy with their crazy dictators. Africans should become more spiritual and accept that the crazy dictator is actually God Almighty.  


In 1968, Julius Nyerere of Tanzania

who was a teacher. He had received a 'colonial education' 

wanted education to liberate body and mind because ‘colonial education’ had ‘induced attitudes of human inequality.’

Tanzania had been colonized by the Germans. Oddly, the schools they set up were better than what Britain, as the mandatory power was able to provide.  At Independence only about 400 Africans completed secondary school each year. 'Teacher' Nyerere greatly improved educational outcomes. Though his Socialist policies may have harmed economic development, human welfare indices improved under his benign reign. The spread of Swahili as a link language and the absence of conflicting tribal identities (e.g. Nilotic vs Bantu speakers in Kenya) has enabled Tanzania to develop peacefully. 

Whenever Soviet or US technical advisers arrived in a country they’d seen as embracing a precolonial tradition worthy of their aid, factories and dams got built while peasants were targeted because they represented tradition and supposedly slowed down the transformation of societies.

No. After Independence, the new leaders favored the urban centers and sought to lower procurement prices for primary products so as have cash available to service foreign debt used to construct prestige projects in the cities. Sadly, as the terms of trade moved against primary producers, little money was left over for anything save debt servicing and paying the salaries of a bloated bureaucracy. Foreign aid created a new class of NGO colonizers.  

In contrast, Nkrumah’s Ghana sent out special missions, like the one that left Accra on 11 November 1960 for Sudan, Kenya and Tanganyika to first study the ‘political consciousness’ and attitudes of different groups.

Kenya had a fairly large White settler population which is why its independence was slightly delayed compared to Uganda and Tanganyika (Zanzibar was an independent Sultanate till a Ugandan led a rebellion). Sudan wanted to maintain its independence from Egypt but also wanted to dominate the non-Muslim South as well as non-Arab Darfur. As I write this, conflict and famine is creating a humanitarian disaster there.  

No financial assistance should ever be given, mission delegates wrote, without first having conducted an on-the-spot analysis.

In other words, don't hand out money to guys who just show up at your hotel.  

Aloysius K Barden, the director of the Bureau of African Affairs in Ghana, and his team offered scholarships to Sudanese students

who, if Arabic speaking, looked down on Africans 

because they possessed ‘the fire kindled by the youth’,

i.e. they were young and smokin'.  

while women were useful because of their wish to ‘exercise their political rights’.

also they may want to have sex with you. See above.  

Africa could modernise on its own terms if a sense of African cultural uniqueness and pride was restored.

It could become Wakanda.  

The St Lucian economist Arthur Lewis

a brother of his had settled in Ghana some thirty years previously 

was therefore flown into Ghana to devise an economic development strategy in line with Africa’s precolonial culture and history.

Nkrumah soon sent him packing. Then his own people overthrew his dictatorship.  


Similarly at the All-African Peoples’ Conference of December 1958, Nkrumah urged delegates to ‘develop’ the ‘African personality’ and not be ‘slavish imitators’ of other ‘ways of life’.

Don't drink all my whiskey. Bring a gourd of your own palm-wine.  

The stress on psychology and culture in this conception of modernity meant foreign aid could be accepted from every quarter as long as it was complemented by ideological education in the service of psychological liberation: the freeing of Africans from their inferiority complex.

Not having money is what makes us feel inferior. If you can't give us money, at least you can say 'you have ginormous dongs. Other races are jealous.'  

As Tom Mboya claimed in 1961, Kenyans were ‘capable of gauging the ulterior motives’ of those who offered assistance.

Sadly, everybody was capable of gauging the ulterior motives of the new rulers. Smart people packed their bags and ran away.  

Moreover, Ghana did not shy away from projecting its brand of anticolonial modernity to other parts of Africa.

When Nkrumah made himself a dictator, he set a great example for other African leaders.  

While propping up the Ghanaian economy with British, US and Soviet funds, in September 1959 Nkrumah also set up a centre for psychological and cultural liberation from empire: Ghana’s Bureau of African Affairs.

 America had set up such a bureau in the previous year. The Soviets initially thought that it might be profitable to involve itself in the Dark Continent. It wasn't. The place was a money-pit. The Chinese were even more generous and, to their credit, did not arm crazy revolutionary groups. That's one reason China is respected in Africa. 

Besides relying on a printing press, library and linguistic secretariat to produce materials that conjured up a rich African past, the Bureau also produced movies that urged African countries to follow Ghana’s example by showing students and their lecturer in a building that was still under construction.

It would remain under construction till the money ran out.  


At the Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute, foreign students were trained in ‘positive action’,

rather than negative emotion?- cool.  

Anticolonial modernity

which was achieved when the 13 colonies successfully threw out the Redcoats of Mad King George 

was not a response to the bipolar world but was rooted in the Haitian Revolution.

Nope. Nobody gave a shit about that shithole.  

In 1791, a rebellion of the enslaved, eventually led by the charismatic Black general Toussaint Louverture, demanded the universal application of the French Revolutionary principles of liberty and equality. In so doing, Haitians wanted to not only gain their freedom, but also correct European modernity.

The new rulers were worse than the old. Incidentally, the African Americans who turned up to colonize Liberia treated the locals as little better than slaves. The League of Nations investigated such abuses carried out on behalf of the Firestone Corp in Liberia in the 1920s. African leaders knew that African or African-American or Arab despots could be more horrible than the Europeans.  

The Enlightenment, which had inspired French Revolutionaries, celebrated reason but was tainted by the racist belief that only whites possessed a capacity for it.

That was certainly true of some Enlightenment thinkers. However, earlier in the eighteenth century a Ghanaian philosopher was a Professor at Jena.  

African leaders came to draw on that ambition for inspiration to define the goal of their own ideological projects. They also attracted intellectuals from the Caribbean like Aimé Césaire,

whose country remains with France 

who was influential in Senegal,

which retains quite close ties with France.  

and George Padmore, who moved to Ghana at the end of his life in 1957.

So did WEB Dubois.  

In revolutionary centres in Accra, Cairo and Dar es Salaam, an idealised ‘authentic’ image of the past, found in Pan-Arabism, Pan-Africanism or ‘Ujamaa’, was held up by freedom-fighters as an important corrective to European, Soviet and US modernity, which was exclusionary and racist.

Actually, Blacks were treated better than Whites in the Soviet Union. The latter, after all, were mere serfs to the Commissars. The former had foreign passports and could quite legally exit from Commie shitholes.  

Anticolonial modernity sought to create an international system that looked very different from the bipolar Cold War system.

Just as anti-morality modernity sought to create an international system based on drug trafficking.  

In the worldview of anticolonial leaders, the independence of former colonies was constantly under threat.

In other words, some junior officers might launch a coup and overrun the Presidential palace. 

Attaining a modernity that embraced tradition and liberated people psychologically required the creation of an African Union. This was not an empire, but a federation of liberation where small and fragile independent states could seek protection.

That worked very well- thinks nobody at all.  

Third World nationalists built different types of federative and cooperative structures beyond their own postcolonial state to marshal the economic, cultural and political capacity required to attain modernity on the Global South’s terms.

 How did the first post-colonial society- viz. USA- attain modernity? It encouraged immigration and took land from indigenous people. African countries could have done the same. The problem was that immigrants- e.g. from India- were not popular. Why not rob them and expel them? That's what Idi Amin did and for a moment 'Africanism' appeared to have revived. Then Amin attacked Tanzania and Nyerere's troops defeated Amin who found sanctuary in Saudi Arabia. 

This is why Nkrumah believed independence was ‘meaningless’ unless it was ‘linked up totally’ with that of the ‘continent’.

Africans understood that they needed to form an Economic Union so that cross-border trade could increase exponentially. The problem was that cash-starved States were dependent on excise duties on imports as well as levies on commodity exports. From about the Eighties onward, regional trade blocs have emerged. Moreover there is rapid development, crossing borders, on the West African littoral. Africa, the sleeping giant, seems poised to wake up. It may become the fastest growing economic region in the second half of this century. But this has nothing to do with Nkrumah or Nyerere.  

His finance minister Komla Agbeli Gbedemah agreed, declaring during his visit to India in September 1957 that freedom was ‘indivisible’. In the words of the All-African Peoples’ Conference steering-committee: ‘stable peace’ was ‘impossible in a world that’ was ‘politically half independent and half dependent’. If Ghana’s anticolonialism stopped at its borders, the country would not be able to remain independent.

Nobody wanted to colonize Ghana. Its problem was that Nkrumah would make himself a dictator.  


Pan-African modernity had a continental focus, but aspired to remake the colonising world as a whole. In the words of the Trinidadian journalist and pan-African activist Cyril Lionel Robert James, ‘the modernisation necessary in the modern world’ could be attained only ‘in an African way’.

CLR James was a very brilliant man. He understood that modernization is necessary in a modern world. Ancientness would be necessary in an ancient world. Also whatever Africans did would be done in an African way. Since Africans are not Eskimos, they can't do things in the Eskimo way. There's a reason the African kids in my school in Nairobi treated Pan-Africanism with derision. It was only the handful who gained tenure in non-STEM subjects on foreign campuses who rediscovered that brand of stupidity. If you don't have a White audience what is the point of playing up your Blackness?  

The Federation of Liberation became a panacea for the colonial disease wherever it occurred.

It was useless. Ghanaians wanted to be liberated from the windbag Nkrumah.  

In 1962, in a letter to all the leaders of the disintegrating West Indian Federation, Nkrumah argued that ‘a united West Indies’ was the only way to deal with ‘problems created by colonialists’.

Nkrumah, who had umpteen foreign degrees, was a problem created by colonialists. True, the Ghanaian middle class had initially supported him because they thought he was smart. But, once he started pissing money away, they turned against him.  


Instead of a superpower competition for the allegiance of newly independent states, which split the world in two, international relations in the 1950s and ’60s were in fact defined by old and new empires competing with many different federations of liberation.

Only in the sense that the Vampires were seeking to re-establishment the Empire of Dracula, but werewolves kept biting them which they resented deeply.  

Pan-Africanism was only one of many pan-isms that sought the modernisation of member states, emerged in the 19th century, acquired political meaning after the First World War, and was revived in some way after the Second World War. Besides smaller federations, such as the United Arab Republic,

which broke up very quickly 

the Ghana-Guinea Union,

ditto 

the Fédération du Mali,

which lasted two whole months 

the Zanzibar-Tanganyika Union

A crazy Christian from Uganda had overthrown the Sultan. His people were busy butchering Arabs and raping Muslim women. That's why Zanzibar wanted to unite with Tanganyika. Also, Nyerere was a decent bloke.  

and the Arab-Maghreb Union,

which is dormant. I suppose the problem is the Western Sahara.  

larger visions had a global impact. Pan-Arabists wanted unification to reclaim the grandeur lost during Ottoman and Western occupations.

Which is why ISIS might revive.  

Pan-Asian enthusiasts sought to build a federation of liberation to guard against Chinese or Japanese aggression.

Not to my knowledge. There was 'Panchsheel' but then China invaded India. Later, Suharto supported Pakistan during the 1965 War. This had to do with his desire to conquer Malaya.  

Pan-Americanism led to the Pan-American Union in 1890, which aspired to increase cooperation between the US and Latin America, but was adopted by el libertador Simón Bolívar who conceived of it as an anti-US line of defence.

Nonsense! Bolivar died in 1830. He fought the Spanish, not the Americans. He had organized a conference in 1826 and did hope for a Latin American Federation. But, at that point Britain and Holland (which occupied territory on the continent) were the immediate danger. Also there was the possibility that France might take over Spanish claims perhaps through a royal marriage. Thus, Bolivar's  people welcomed the Monroe doctrine in 1823  because it implied American support against any European attempt to reverse the outcome of the Latin American liberation wars. As a matter of fact, France did try to prop up an Emperor in Mexico while the US was distracted by Civil War.  

The Pan-American Conference and, subsequent, Union, was an American initiative. It gained importance because of British Venezuelan territorial dispute. The UK yielded to the Monroe doctrine though under American mediation they secured a favorable judgment. 

As Dane Kennedy writes, decolonisation was not ‘the collapse of colonial empires and the creation of new nation-states’.

Dane Kennedy is as stupid as shit. He does not understand that India could have become independent in 1924, if that is what it really wanted. It could have created a Federal Government in 1937 and become a de facto Dominion. It just chose not to.  

Rather, the post-1945 wave of independence created a world of federations that sought to bring other countries into their sphere of influence.

 No. The Brits wanted India to be a loose federation. First the Buddhist Burmese, then the Muslims refused to have anything to do with such a federation. In Nigeria, however, the Brits did succeed in imposing a Federation though, later, there was the Biafra war and famine. 

In short, in a decolonising world, people had more than communism and capitalism to choose from.

They could be theocracies or monarchies or follow an indigenous ideology like India's 'Gandhian' philosophy or Burma's 'Buddhist Socialism' or Iraq and Syria's 'Ba'athism' or whatever.  

Africa did not become the place where the Soviet and the US models competed for supremacy, but a destination for a ‘crowded safari’ as the British journalist Edward Crankshaw quipped in January 1960.

That safari became less crowded. By about 1970, which is when I arrived in Nairobi, there was waning interest in sub-Saharan Africa. Many of my African, and almost all of my 'Asian', classmates emigrated to the West. I recall my shock when I stumbled upon the Ubuntu OS. As far as my generation was concerned, this was a joke word only used by the 'wa-Benzi'- i.e. politicians who stole all the money and were driven around in Mercedes limousines. Why eat only what you can yourself procure by honest labor? Men can't exist without each other. Thus it is right and proper for the Beloved Leader to eat everything and then lecture the starving on Ubuntu.  

The Observer even had to publish a guide to all of the African ‘isms’ to paint a clearer picture of the ‘ferment of ideas’.

The Guardian and Observer supported Biafra. Fuck those racist clowns.  

Anticolonial movements did not define themselves in opposition to or in alignment with US or Soviet ideology, but rather wanted to chart a truly different, inclusive route to progress. They took as a model the future promised by the Haitian Revolution.

No. This is because they knew Haiti was a fucking shithole.  

The 20th century’s anticolonial revolutionaries resembled other radicals who had also vested their principles within the state institutions their revolutions produced.

Those principles were

1) do stupid shit. In particular, if any money becomes available, either steal or piss it away immediately.  

2) talk incessant bollocks. If you don't talk bollocks, the Imperialists will return as will the Spanish Inquisition. 

Marxists in the Soviet Union wanted to achieve the aims of the Bolshevik Revolution,

kill off class enemies so as to be better able to fuck up the proles and the peasants 

capitalists in the US were eager to export the ideas of the American Revolution,

No. They were keen to export stuff for which they'd get paid with cheap oil or rubber or cocoa or whatever.  

and imperialists within European nation-states sought to spread the benefits of the Industrial Revolution.

No. Industrialized European imperial powers did not want to industrialize the colonies. They wanted them to export raw materials and import manufactured products. Gerits is as stupid as shit.  

In ideological terms, therefore, the post-Second World War international order was one in which not only the USSR and the US had a sphere of influence.

No. In military terms, the US controlled some countries while the Soviets controlled other countries. Atlee's Britain was Socialist. But it was firmly under American hegemony. Some people high up in the Kremlin saw the economic benefit of allowing Capitalism in territory they had conquered. Whether of not Kruschev was of this mind is difficult to determine. My own impression is that he was as daft as a brush. 

As French military staff acknowledged in April 1960, Ghana and Egypt had zones of influence on the continent, which Paris needed to take into account when planning operations.

France's Suez adventure had not ended well. Egypt was rising militarily. But Ghana did not become a threat to French economic dominance in Francophone Africa.  

While pan-African modernity might have faded in the background of common historical understanding, mid-20th-century contemporaries identified it as an alternative development model.

No. They thought peasant agriculture could develop further and faster while there would be increased light industry in the towns. The Government could provide infrastructure and help create a technological cadre within the bureaucracy. Sadly, politicians wanted to create islands of urban prosperity and a pampered bureaucracy by 'transferring surpluses' from the primary sector. The trouble was that the Army might get jealous and rebel. Mrs Gandhi advised Mujib not to make himself President. This is because every General thinks he can be President. But a Prime Minister is a different kettle of fish. What exactly does he do in his cabinet? Is it sodomy? Probably. That's what civilians get up to- right? It's no job for a soldier. 

‘Africans’ regarded ‘Cold War issues as problems’ from which they remained ‘aloof and unaffected’;

unless they lived in Katanga or Biafra etc.  

‘[e]ven when the Cold War appears in their midst, they are reluctant to identify it as such,’ according to a US study of African attitudes in 1965. Already in 1960, the US State Department acknowledged that Africa was not primarily a Cold War problem,

the Americans were constantly being pestered by Colonial powers demanding help putting down supposedly 'Communist' insurrections. True, in South East Asia, such things did exist. But Africans were more sensible.  

while the president Dwight D Eisenhower believed ‘nationalism was the most powerful force in the world today, and that the pull of independence was stronger than that of communism’.

This was true enough. Vice President Nixon had been greatly taken with Tom Mboya. The Brits kept telling him Kenyatta was a Commie who had visited Moscow. But, it was precisely because Kenyatta had visited Moscow, that he didn't want that shite in his own country. On the other hand, he was a great advocate of female circumcision. An uncut girl is likely to fuck anything in trousers.  

Communist activities were seen as ancillary, at best, to the real problem, which was the ‘revolution of rising expectations’, the idea that unfulfilled, increased expectations create unstable political situations.

Expectations rise when things improve- as they had done in post-war market economies.  

Communism was a disease that could thrive in the development process. The US secretary of state John Foster Dulles therefore wanted to ‘pre-empt’ Africa ‘for the Bloc’.

Like his brother, he was an Evangelical Christian who got a hard-on thinking about billions of darkies getting baptized. Shame they'd remain black. Still.  

In 1968, Walt Rostow, US national security adviser to the president Lyndon B Johnson, recognised the appeal of pan-Africanism, pan-Asianism or pan-Americanism, and sought to control them. Many of the ‘postwar troubles’, he believed, ‘centred around men who were radical, ambitious revolutionaries, who carried maps in their heads of how they would like the world to look’. In Nkrumah’s map, he became ‘the Emperor Jones of Black Africa’.

Nkrumah had been chucked out of Ghana. Apparently he was the co-President of Guinea- but that was not exactly something to boast of.  

In 1968, the incoming national security adviser Henry Kissinger wrote three essays on US foreign policy. He concluded that ‘the age of the superpowers’ was ‘drawing to an end’.

The Seventies would see a substantial increase in Soviet influence- or so it appeared at that time.  

‘Military bipolarity’ had ‘actually encouraged political multipolarity’ because ‘weaker allies’ felt ‘protected by the rivalry of the superpowers’. ‘The new nations weigh little in the physical balance of power,’ he admitted. ‘But the forces unleashed in the emergence of so many new states may well affect the moral balance of the world – the convictions which form the structure for the world of tomorrow,’ which added ‘a new dimension to the problem of multipolarity.’

What he was saying was 'don't say nasty things about niggers. They don't like it, you know. Also, my colleagues at Harvard will think you are iggnirint.  

Kissinger was pessimistic about the ideological alternatives anticolonialism had created: ‘The greatest need of the contemporary international system is an agreed concept of order.’ Instead, ‘power is unrestrained by any consensus as to legitimacy; ideology and nationalism, in their different ways, deepen international schisms.’

Kissinger was under the impression that Metternich had achieved something marvelous. He hadn't. True, so long as Tzar Nicky had a human 'steam-roller', crowned heads were safe enough. Then, quite suddenly, there was a third Napoleon and then a Crimean War after which the shit really began hitting the fan. But it was the US civil war which set the pattern for the entrenchments of the Great War.  


The multipolar system that decolonisation had created also affected how international relations theory professors saw the world.

They were stupid and thus saw the world in a stupid way.  

In 1953, the influential international relations scholar Hans J Morgenthau,

he was a lawyer and professor of jurisprudence. His dissertation adviser was Hans Kelsen. Carl Schmitt was his enemy. My point is that the dude wasn't stupid because he wasn't really an 'I.R scholar'.  

an arch realist and Jewish refugee to the US, warned against thinking in rigid Cold War terms when it came to African anticolonial struggles.

 He warned against rigid thinking. He was prescient in seeing that the Kremlin saw the Cold War as one of maneuver, not position. 

Rather than choosing between ‘communist and non-communist revolution’, the US had to go beyond the bipolar logic and assess if the revolution it observed was in its ‘interests’ or not.

After which it was welcome to be as bipolar as fuck.  

Morgenthau maintained that Africa had little real power,

nobody thought otherwise. 

but he also understood that not only superpowers mattered.

America didn't want to rule over countries where it had overseas bases. It is obvious that it would need to take into account the interests of countries like Turkey, Pakistan, etc.  

In 1965, the liberal international relations theorist Joseph Nye wrote about the appeal of pan-Africanism, which he described as a ‘modernising’ ideology ‘of its own’, allowing African countries to ‘take moralistic and critical positions on a wide number of world issues’.

The way Nehru used to till the Chinese took his pants down and made fun of his puny genitals. But even African leaders- observing Nkrumah's fate- back-pedaled from 'moralistic and critical positions'. Kenyatta had needed the Brits to subdue the North East. Also, if all the Europeans and Asians fucked the fuck off, the economy would collapse. There would be nothing to steal.  

Nye understood that nonalignment was not only about not aligning yourself with one of the Cold War blocs, but

doing any stupid shit you liked 

more importantly allowed ‘pan-Africanists to be unabashedly eclectic in using outside ideas and institutions without suffering from a feeling of loss of independence in the process.’

When you run out of money, you find you have to do what lenders tell you to do. Sad.  

Marxist theorists also questioned bipolar rigidity.

as opposed to just killing anybody who looked bougie or 'kulak' or Jewy or whatever.  

Immanuel Wallerstein wrote in 1961 that the ‘strength of the pan-African drive’ had to be ‘attributed precisely to the fact that it is a weapon of the modernisers’.

In other words, you say to the tribe which currently eats missionaries and inserts a bone through its nose that there are other African tribes who don't do either of these things. Get with the program! Stop saying 'ooga, booga'. Say 'Ubuntu' instead.  

If the pan-African project failed, modernisation would also be set back.

Very true. Nixon would go live in a wigwam. The Kennedy family would confine themselves to cultivating potatoes and dying periodically of famine.  

In short, theorists, policymakers and commentators in the Global North in the 1950s and ’60s came to realise that – in ideological terms – they were living in a multipolar world.

Something non-theorists had always known.  

Voices in the Global South might have become more visible

Voices are audible, not visible 

today as information media have become more accessible and economies have grown but, from inception, from the invention of modernity in the Enlightenment, decolonised territories have been part of an international conversation about the meaning of international systems.

There was international trade. There were no 'international conversations' though, no doubt, there was gossip about what Tom Mboya did to Nixon in the back of the Vice-Presidential limousine.  I once met a Somali politician who had come to London to meet Bevin- who was offering a pan-Somalian nation if the Somalis chose Britain, not Italy, as the mandatory power. Then this Somali politician got in the back of a cab with Tom Driberg. Muslims don't approve of oral sex. That's one reason the Somalis chose Italy. Italians like to eat ice-cream, not dick. 

Postscript on sources

Recovering how pan-African modernity affects postwar international order

it doesn't.  

requires historians to take African archives, rather than repositories in the metropole, as a starting point.

Also, if you are writing about Africa, it might be a good idea to visit it once or twice. 

Caution, however, is required since documents in African archives are not rare gems waiting to be unearthed by adventurous historians.

they are boring shite. This is true of all archives which is why you look silly if you turn up at one dressed like Indiana Jones.  

Rather, the documents will make sense only when we think about how postcolonial archives can alter the findings that come from repositories in the metropole.

Some shithead 'in the metropole' wrote 'Mxubu is a Commie Lesbian Freemason. We should assassinate him. But archives in Mxubu's home country reveal she was a goat beloved of the Chieftain of the Nixon clan.  

Increased access to postcolonial archives has produced a rush for paper reminiscent of the opening up of Soviet archives in 1991 when historians often used new materials to confirm findings they had already drawn from US and European archives.

The Soviet archives were cool. It turned out your Aunty was actually in the pay of the KGB. You were under the impression she was a goat.  

This confirmation bias is strengthened by the nature of much of the postcolonial archive.

Very true. I was investigating the year 1977 in the GoI archives. It turned out that, in 1977, Indians believed they were living in the year 1977. Research in American archives may confirm that, in 1977, it was the year 1977 in the US as well. This sort of 'confirmation bias' should alert us to the need to move from being bipolar to having multiple personalities. Also we should eat our own shit. Don't be fooled by the propaganda of Big Food! 

In the first years after independence, record-keeping was chaotic. In 1965, the Office of the President in Kenya ordered ‘all cabinet minutes and memoranda’ to ‘be destroyed.’

I suppose this had something to do with Pio Pinto's assassination earlier that year. 

The National Archives in Nigeria purchased a dehumidifier in July 1960 which, based on the crumbled documents, is no longer in use today. Furthermore, the postwar archival infrastructure is highly national

Why is the National archive national? Should it not be extra-terrestrial?  

and reflects the fantasy that decolonisation’s impact could be confined to domestic politics.

Andromeda Galaxy has been seriously affected by the withdrawal of Britain from Nigeria.  

This makes the archives of decolonisation difficult to locate and colonial crimes easy to hide.

Colonial crimes would be found in colonial archives- though it might be easier just to make them up. It is scandalous that the British India Office archives contain no proof that successive Viceroy's inflicted fellatio and cunnilingus on trillions of poor Hindus.  

Critics have therefore questioned if it is at all possible to ignore the US preponderance in the post-1945 international system, particularly since easily accessible archives in the Global North remain overrepresented in many analyses of the Global South.

But those analyses are shite and don't represent anything save stupidity.  

The use of African sources, however, enables historians to actually test the extent of that power to shape the international system.

Talk to Africans by all means. They can tell you what rumours were floating about at what time. Was Pio Pinto killed because he was a Commie and had links to the resistance in Portuguese Africa? Probably not. After Nehru annexed Goa, Goans felt Pinto was a fucking Fifth Columnist. Nehru had given him some money to run a Pan-African paper. However, it was Pinto's getting into a shouting match with Kenyatta about the 'pro-capitalist' Sessional Paper number 10, which sealed his fate. Kenyans- Kikuyus in particular, wanted to own their own land and rise up by their own thrift and enterprise- unless they could get a government job and steal money- and thus had no time for crazy dukka-wallahs. 

I suppose Mamdani carries forward the legacy of Pinto but does it so ineffectually that nobody has taken the trouble to chop him to pieces with a panga.